Īlthough the term is recent, the existence of mirror ambigrams has been attested since at least the first millennium. This engraving is therefore readable in four directions. The first Sator square palindrome was found in the ruins of Pompeii, meaning it was created before 79 AD.Ī sator square using the mirror writing for the representation of the letters S and N was carved in a stone wall in Oppède (France) between the Roman Empire and the Middle Ages, thus producing a work made up of 25 letters and 8 different characters, 3 naturally symmetrical (A, T, O), 3 others decipherable from left to right (R, P, E), and 2 others from right to left (S, N). Many ambigrams can be described as graphic palindromes. HistoryĪmbigrams published in The Strand Magazine, june 1908. In March 2011, the Oxford English Dictionary incorporates this new word into its database ,Īnd the Merriam-Webster dictionary updates its own in September 2020. Among them, the expressions "vertical palindromes" by Dmitri Borgmann (1965) and Georges Perec, "designatures" (1979), "inversions" (1980) by Scott Kim, or simply "upside-down words" by John Langdon and Robert Petrick. Prior to Hofstadter's terminology, other names were used to refer to ambigrams.
Hofstadter attributed the origin of the word to conversations among a small group of friends during 1983–1984. Sometimes the readings will say identical things, sometimes they will say different things. One can voluntarily jump back and forth between the rival readings usually by shifting one’s physical point of view (moving the design in some way) but sometimes by simply altering one’s perceptual bias towards a design (clicking an internal mental switch, so to speak). Īn ambigram is a visual pun of a special kind: a calligraphic design having two or more (clear) interpretations as written words. Hofstadter describes ambigrams as "calligraphic designs that manage to squeeze in two different readings." "The essence is imbuing a single written form with ambiguity". The word ambigram was coined in 1983 by Douglas Hofstadter, an American scholar of cognitive science, best known as the Pulitzer Prize-winning author of the book Gödel, Escher, Bach.
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